Introduction

This unit is concerned with Materials Chemistry. Specifically, we will look at the uses for fossil fuels and some basic reactions that are used in the petrochemical industry. We will introduce polymers and the general reactions that produce them. We will learn about natural and man-made polymers and compare the properties of different types. We will study the production and uses of ethanol as a alternative fuel source. Finally, we will introduce the basics of radioactive isotopes, explore some of their decay patterns and discover some of their industrial and medical uses.

Organic Chemistry Introduction

alkanes worksheet.pdf

alkenes worksheet.pdf

alkynes worksheet.pdf

Clickview Video - Petroleum and oil refining - glossary worksheet

Clickview - Petroleum and Oil Refining glossary worksheet.docx

chemistry contexts 2 - chapter 1.pdf

Polymers

Clickview Video - Addition Polymers

Addition Polymers_clickview.doc

chemistry contexts 2 - chapter 2.pdf

bromine water experiment answers.pdf

Bromine water experiment - exam practice question

bromine water past exam question and answer.pdf

bromine water experiment class notes.docx

naming alcohols worksheet.pdf

chemistry contexts 2 - chapter 3.pdf

Ethanol - and alternative fuels

Worksheets - Review and Extension regarding hydrocarbons and polymers

All of the Surfing Chemistry worksheets and answers have now been placed on SharePoint, in the Year 12 Chemistry Resources, here

Clickview Video - Condensation Polymers

Condensation Polymers_clickview.doc

CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION

The joining of monomers together to form polymers along with the elimination of water molecules.

external image condensation.jpg?height=140&width=400

Source:
http://sites.google.com/site/urbangeekclassroomsg/chemistry-classroom/organic-chemistry#TOC-CONDENSATION-POLYMERISATION

Cellulose polymer & the glucose monomer units
http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/starlose.htm

Ethanol

Investigations to plan - labs 22 & 23
The compounds available to you for lab 22 are:
oxalic acid (s)
cyclohexane (l)
cyclohexene (l)
NaOH (s)
CuSO4 (s)
Glucose (s)
NaCl (s)

lab 22 - ethanol as a solvent.pdf

Bring in a juice you would like to experiment on, we'll provide the yeast & a water bath

lab 23 - fermentation of sugar.pdf

Electrochemistry

Galvanic Cell lab 25
The Copper Zinc Daniell Cell explained
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0oSqPDD2rMA&feature=related

Lab 25 - Answers & Metals Displacement Prac

lab 25 - answers & metal displacement prac.pdf

If you have not already checked your answers to the Assumed Knowledge worksheet #17 from Surfing Chemistry, you can do so here
Our Class Presentations - Comparing batteries - Well done everyone! :-)

killers group-Comparison of a Button Cell to a Dry cell.pptx

Here is a nice exemplar
Comparison of battery cells

Chemistry kevins group.pptx

Batteries- Casey's Group.pptx

max's group.pptx

We did the remaining questions relating to determing the voltage (e.m.f.) of a cell, from the textbook.

Nuclear Chemistry

Clickview: Nuclear Chemistry - Inside the atom

Gizmo (www.explorelearning.com)

Gizmo Nuclear Decay worksheet:

NuclearDecaySE.pdf

Answers are here:

File Not Found

Data Analysis Graphing Task - Stable isotopes

Secondary task Stable isotopes.doc

Secondary task Stable isotopes teachers.docx

Transuranics
Your focus for today is to read over and research on these fascinating aspects of applied nuclear science.

Firstly, read over this excerpt from HSC Online

1. Dot Point:
how transuranic elements are produced
(information is below)

Definition: Transuranic element

An artificially made, radioactive element that has an atomic number higher than uranium in the periodic table of elements such as neptunium, plutonium, americium, and others. (Source: http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/transuranic-element.html)

Read this first:
http://education.jlab.org/qa/transuranic_01.html

Background to the dot point from HSC Online
Transuranic elements are elements with an atomic number above that of uranium with atomic number Z= 92.

Twenty transuranic elements have been made and studied sufficiently. The current periodic table for the HSC in 2011 lists 112 elements as the properties of the elements 113 and above have not been fully authenticated. The claim to production of element 118 has been withdrawn by the originating laboratory as no other laboratory anywhere in the world has been able to replicate this production.
The process of changing one element into another is called transmutation. The two main ways that a transuranic nuclei can be produced are by bombarding a nucleus with ions or neutrons. These ions or neutrons can be captured by the target nucleus and produce heavier nuclei.
Only three of the transuranic elements, those with atomic numbers 93, 94 and 95, have been produced in nuclear reactors by neutron bombardment.
When U-238 is bombarded with neutrons it can be converted to U-239 that undergoes beta decays to produce neptunium and plutonium.
Pu-239 is changed to americium-241 by neutron bombardment.
Americium-241 is used in most house smoke alarms.
Transuranic elements from atomic number 96 and up are all made by accelerating a small charged nucleus (such as He, B or C) in a charged particle accelerator to collide with a heavy nucleus (often of a previously made transuranic element) target.

2. Dot point:
from secondary sources to describe recent discoveries of elements

The nineteen transuranic elements with the atomic numbers above 95 (Z between 96 and 116, leaving out undiscovered 113 and 115) require high-energy particle accelerators to be produced. Use an Internet search engine and recent references to find out how particle accelerators are used to discover new transuranic elements. To process the sources you find, assess their reliability by comparing the information provided. Look for consistency of information.

Here is a good place to start learning about particle accelerators... and actually, all things relating to radioactivity!
If you`ve been to Australia... you may have heard of Lucas Heights? Ever wondered just what is it and what they`re doing there?

...The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) website:
http://www.ansto.gov.au/nuclear_information/about_nuclear_science/reactors_and_accelerators
(you can take a general look around their website - there is a lot of great information on there, on all aspects of radioisotopes and radioactivity in general)

... here is a bit of an aside, but absolutely fascinating!
These researchers, at CERN, The European Organisation for Nuclear Research,
http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/About-en.html
...who`s business is "fundamental physics" to find out how the universe works, have built THE MOST INCREDIBLE particle accelerator, The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in the hope of modelling The Big Bang... it is 175km under the Earth, ~27km in circumference... and well... this very new YouTube helps to explain how it works...

3. Dot Point:
how commercial radioisotopes are produced

One process involved in the commercial production of radioisotopes is nuclear fission. This is basically the splitting of a large nuclei into smaller nuclei and is typically initiated by the absorption of a neutron by the larger nuclei.
The following example is only one of many possible results of nuclear fission.
When the uranium nucleus breaks up into two nuclei, many different possible isotopes can form.
Differences in chemical properties of the elements produced can be used to chemically separate the different radioisotopes. Any U-235 that has not undergone fission can be separated and recycled into new fuel rods.
The high-speed neutrons emitted can be used to bombard atoms of various elements to produce useful neutron rich isotopes.

The following website is an excellent article on fission, which is explains it quite simply, using the Barium & Krypton products example, as shown above, in the section entitled "Fission in Uranium-235"
http://www.btinternet.com/~j.doyle/SR/Emc2/Fission.htm

So... the bottom line is this ...
When neutrons are required to produce transuranics (93,94 or 95) or radioisotopes, they can be produced from fission reactions in nuclear reactors or can be supplied by neutron bombardment in a particle accelerator.

A particle accelerator can also be specific for firing protons (CERN`s LHC you saw above), if that is what is needed to fire at the nucleus... it all depends on the type of decay that is desired after the production of the isotope (ie, beta decay or positron emission)

Here`s another excerpt from ANSTO`s site:

"Why do we need both cyclotrons and reactors?

It depends on the radioactive properties required whether a nuclear reactor or a cyclotron is used to produce a radioisotope.

Atoms with extra protons in the nucleus are called neutron-deficient and are produced in a particle accelerator such as a cyclotron.
Atoms with extra neutrons in the nucleus are called neutron-rich and are produced in a nuclear reactor.

Neutron-rich and neutron-deficient radioisotopes decay by different means and hence have different properties and different uses. Radioisotopes made in cyclotrons complement those made in a reactor. Both types of radioisotopes are needed to service all of Australia's nuclear medical needs.
More than 80 per cent of the radioisotopes used in medical procedures worldwide come from research reactors. Molybdenum-99 (Mo-99), which decays to form technetium-99m (Tc-99m) - the most commonly used radioisotope - is currently only produced in nuclear research reactors."

For ALOT more detailed information about particle accelerators, if you are interested (not required knowledge!) check this out:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_accelerator

Try to find some good diagrams and/or YouTubes to help you to visualise the key ideas from your learning today.

More resources:
The 3 types of radioactive decay
Writing alpha and beta decay equations

Research on radioisotopes
Research any isotopes, it is probably easiest if you choose the ones given in the examples below (Co-60 & Tc-99m) as there is an abundance of information on them. The information below is taken directly from HSC Online, and really you just need to read the information for Dot Points #1 & 2... it`s Dot Point #3 that requires a bit of work from you:

Dot Point #1
one use of a named radioisotope:

in industry
in medicine

In industry

Cobalt-60 (Co-60) is used in a process called industrial radiography, to inspect metal parts and welds for defects.

In medicine

Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) is used in a wide range of medical applications, such as pinpointing brain tumours.

Dot Point #2
the way in which the above named radioisotopes are used and explain their use in terms of their properties
In industry

Cobalt-60 is used in industrial radiography to inspect metal parts and welds for defects. Beams of radiation are directed at the object to be checked from a sealed source of Co-60. Radiographic film on the opposite side of the source is exposed when it is struck by radiation passing through the objects being tested. More radiation will pass through if there are cracks, breaks, or other flaws in the metal parts and will be recorded on the film. By studying the film, structural problems can be detected.
Co-60 is used because it is an emitter of gamma rays which will penetrate metal parts. Co-60 has a half-life of 5.3 years and can be used in a chemically inert form held inside a sealed container. This enables the equipment to have a long lifetime and not require regular maintenance.

In medicine

Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) is used in over half of the current nuclear medicine procedures, such as pinpointing brain tumours. Tc-99m can be changed to a number of oxidation states. This enables production of a wide range of biologically active chemicals. The Tc-99m is attached to a biological molecule that concentrates in the organ to be investigated.
Tc-99m is used because:
- it has a very short half-life of 6 hours
- it emits low energy gamma radiation that minimises damage to tissues but can still be detected in a person's body by a gamma ray sensitive camera
- it is quickly eliminated from the body
- technetium is reasonably reactive; it can be reacted to form a compound with chemical properties that leads to concentration in the organ of interest such as the heart, liver, lungs, bones or thyroid.

Dot Point #3
to analyse benefits and problems associated with the use of radioactive isotopes in identified industries and medicine

Gather information to complete a table like the one following on how gamma sources, such as Cobalt-60 (Co-60) and Technetium-99m (Tc-99m), are used in industries and medicine and use available evidence to analyse the benefits and problems associated with the use of radioactive isotopes. Note that the alternative to gamma sources, X-rays, are not as penetrating and require high voltage equipment that uses a lot of electrical energy. However, the more expensive X-ray equipment is more easily disposed of and does need to be locked away in secure locations like potentially harmful gamma ray sources.